碳捕获储存技术正如风暴般席卷全球

实现气候政策承诺的压力越来越大，引发了碳捕获和储存（CCS）技术的繁荣。

由于世界继续沉迷于化石燃料，CCS技术可以提供各国政府一直在寻找的净零解决方案。

几个国家政府已经建立了战略和基金，在未来几十年增加CCS项目的数量，旨在使他们经济脱碳。 

据美国油价网7月9日报道，来自国际能源署越来越大的压力和去年COP26气候峰会后全球参与者建立的期望，促使油气公司引入大量的碳削减技术，以实现更清洁的石油和天然气生产。现在，世界各国政府都在大力投资减碳和储存技术，以确保本国经济在未来几十年实现脱碳，符合《巴黎协定》的承诺。由于世界继续沉迷于化石燃料，CCS技术可以提供各国政府一直在寻找的净零排放解决方案，以实现气候政策的承诺。到2021年，所有正在运行或在建的CCS设施每年的二氧化碳捕获能力约为4000万吨。到2030年前，目前已经宣布的运营将使这一数字上升到每年1.9亿吨二氧化碳。尽管预测到2030年全球二氧化碳捕获能力在3.5亿吨至17亿吨之间，到目前为止，将CCS技术应用于油气开采的主要缺点是成本增加。不过，如果引入碳税，很可能会鼓励企业在运营中使用CCS设备。 

荷兰跨国银行和金融服务公司荷兰国际集团（ING）认为，CCS技术将成为减少碳排放的重要工具，因为预计到本世纪中叶，全球一些国家仍将继续依赖化石燃料。 然而，由于CCS技术目前还处于发展的初级阶段，各国政府将不得不通过将其纳入气候政策、补贴设备成本、提供税收减免或其他碳捕获奖励措施来激励能源公司使用CCS技术。  

为此，英国在2020年设立了碳捕获与储存基础设施基金（CIF），预算近12亿美元。英国政府认为，碳捕获、使用和储存（CCUS）以及氢气，将对实现英国的气候承诺至关重要。作为计划的一部分，英国政府希望在本世纪20年代中期至少建立两个CCUS设施群，到2030年前建立四个CCUS设施群，以期在2030年底前捕获1000万吨二氧化碳。  

在美国，美国能源部（DoE）宣布了一份意向通知，拟投入22.5亿美元用于增加全国范围内的碳储存项目数量，项目所需资金来自美国的《基础设施法》。每个碳储存项目将有能力储存至少5000万吨捕获的二氧化碳，相当于1000万辆内燃机汽车每年排放的二氧化碳。

美国能源部还计划出资9100万美元推进关键的碳管理技术。这个计划支持了美国到2050年前实现净零经济的目标。 

与此同时，澳大利亚政府宣布了一项1.7亿美元的计划，以促进CCUS在该国的运营。澳大利亚政府的这个战略旨在鼓励国内和国际研究合作，并降低技术采用的成本。CCUS中心与技术项目支持政府的技术投资路线图，旨在降低二氧化碳压缩、运输和储存的价格，以鼓励更多的吸收。

7月，澳大利亚AspiraDAC公司宣布了一项新的CCS技术，这表明澳大利亚正在迅速赶上欧洲和北美的同行。这台帐篷大小的太阳能机器采用了直接空气捕捉（DAC）技术。AspiraDAC公司已经签署了一份价值70万美元的合同，预计到2027年前将推出180台太阳能机器，以每吨1000美元的成本捕获并存储500吨二氧化碳。

环保组织呼吁在欧洲采取更有凝聚力的方法来进行碳捕获。政府间气候变化专门委员会（IPCC）已经非常明确地表示，如果我们希望到2100年将碳排放减少到全球气候变暖不超过1.5℃的水平，一些行业将必须将CCS技术纳入其运营。 

欧盟委员会已将CCS纳入其Fit For 55气候提案，并于去年启动了CCUS论坛。然而，气候组织认为，如果各国要实现其CCS目标，就需要在欧盟层面制定一个更具战略意义的政策框架。目前已有50个CCS项目正在进行中，其中许多项目需要跨境运输和储存二氧化碳。  

目前世界上几个国家政府已经建立了战略和基金，在未来几十年里增加CCS项目的数量，旨在使他们的经济脱碳。然而，世界政治大国现在必须考虑采用区域性的CCS方法，以确保它们的努力具有凝聚力，并确保二氧化碳能够在适当的地点高效地运输和储存，必要时可以跨越国界运输和储存。 

李峻 编译自 美国油价网

原文如下：

Carbon Capture Tech Is Taking The World By Storm

·     Growing pressure to meet climate policy promises has sparked a boom in carbon capture and storage technology.

·     As the world continues with its addiction to fossil fuels, CCS could provide the net-zero solution governments have been looking for.

·     Several state governments have already established strategies and funds to increase the number of CCS projects over the next decades, aimed at decarbonizing their economies.

Mounting pressure from the International Energy Agency (IEA) and expectations established by global players following last year’s COP26 climate summit have led companies to introduce a multitude of carbon-cutting techniques, to make for the cleaner production of oil and gas. Now, governments worldwide are investing heavily in carbon-cutting and storage (CCS) technologies to ensure the decarbonization of their national economies over the coming decades, in line with Paris Agreement pledges. As the world continues with its addiction to fossil fuels, CCS could provide the net-zero solution governments have been looking for to meet climate policy promises. By 2021, all operating CCS facilities that were operational or under construction had a CO2 capturing capacity of around 40 Mt of carbon dioxide annually. And the operations that have so far been announced will bring that figure up to around 190 Mt CO2 a year by 2030. Although forecasts range between 350 Mt CO2 and 1.7 Gt CO2 of capturing capacity worldwide by 2030. So far, the main drawback to the incorporation of CCS technologies into oil and gas operations is the added cost. Although if carbon taxes are introduced, it is likely to incentivize companies to use CCS equipment in their operations.

Dutch multinational banking and financial services firm ING believes that CCS technologies will become a vital tool for cutting carbon, as several countries around the globe are expected to continue to rely on fossil fuels well into the mid-century. However, as CCS is currently in a nascent stage of development, governments will have to incentivize energy companies to use CCS technologies by including it in their climate policies, subsidizing the cost of equipment, and offering tax breaks or other incentives for carbon capture. 

To this end, the U.K. set up a Carbon Capture and Storage Infrastructure Fund (CIF) in 2020, with a budget of almost $1.2 billion. The government believes that carbon capture, usage, and storage (CCUS), as well as hydrogen, will be critical to meeting the country’s climate commitments. As part of the plan, the government hopes to establish at least two CCUS clusters by the mid-2020s, and four by 2030 to capture 10MtCO?/year by the end of the decade. 

In the U.S., the Department of Energy (DoE) announced a Notice of Intent for $2.25 billion of spending to boost the number of carbon storage projects across the country, with funds coming from Infrastructure Law. Each site will have the capacity to store a minimum of 50 million Mt of captured carbon dioxide, equivalent to that emitted by 10 million ICE cars each year. The DoE also plans to fund the advancement of critical carbon management technologies at a cost of $91 million. This scheme supports his aim for a net-zero economy by 2050. 

Meanwhile, in Australia, the government announced a $170 million program in 2021 to boost CCUS operations in the country. The strategy aims to encourage domestic and international research collaborations and lower the cost of technology adoption. The CCUS Hubs and Technologies program supports the government’s Technology Investment Roadmap, aiming to reduce the price of CO2 compression, transport, and storage to encourage greater uptake. 

This month, an Australian company, AspiraDAC, announced a new CCS technology showing Australia is quickly catching up with its European and North American counterparts. The solar-powered, tent-sized machine uses direct air capture (DAC) technology. The company has already signed a $700,000 contract and expects to roll out 180 machines to capture and store 500 tonnes of CO2 by 2027, at a cost of $1,000 a tonne. 

And environmental organizations are calling for a more cohesive approach to carbon capture in Europe. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has made it abundantly clear that several industries will have to incorporate CCS technologies into their operations if we are to hope to decrease carbon emissions to the level required to achieve no more than 1.5°C global warming by 2100.  

The European Commission has included CCS in its Fit For 55 proposals as well as launched a CCUS Forum last year. However, climate organizations believe that a more strategic policy framework needs to be set out at the E.U. level if countries are to achieve their CCS goals, with 50 projects already underway, many of which require the cross-border transport and storage of CO2.

Several state governments have already established strategies and funds to increase the number of CCS projects over the next decades, aimed at decarbonizing their economies. However, the world’s political powers must now consider a regional approach to CCS to ensure that their efforts are cohesive and that CO2 can be transported and stored efficiently in suitable sites, where necessary across borders.